Psychoanalytical Perspective:
Spotlight Effect: We overestimate our concerns that others evaluate our appearance, performance, and blunders.
Maslow and Rogers argued that a successful life results from a healthy self-image.
Self Serving Bias: We accept responsibility for the good more than the bad. Defensive self esteem is fragile and egoistic while secure self-esteem is less fragile and less dependent on external evaluation.
Self Handicapping: How many protect their self image by creating a ready excuse for failure.
- Personality develops throughout life and is not fixed in childhood.
- Freud under emphasized peer influence on the individual, which may be as powerful as parent influence.
- Gender identity may develop before the age of 5-6.
- Verbal slips can be explained on the basis of cognitive processing of verbal choices.
- Suppressed sexuality leads to psychological disorders.
- The psychoanalytical theory rests on the repression of painful experiences into the unconscious mind.
Criticism: Scientific merits of Freud's theory has been criticized because it is lowly testable, and its concept arises out of clinical practice, which are after-the-fact explanation.The Modern Unconscious Mind:
- Shows evidence of nonconcious information processing
- schemas: automatically control perceptions and interpretations
- self concept and stereotypes unconsciously influence us
Humanistic Perspective:
- Maslow proposed that individuals are motivated by the hierarchy of needs.
- We begin with the physiological needs and we try to fulfill out full potential (self actualization).
- Carl Rogers believed in unconditional positive regard despite failing
- Positive self-concept: If ideal and real are close.
- Self-concept: Who am i?
- Criticism: It is vague and subjective. It lacks scientific basis. The individualism encouraged can lead to self indulgence and lack of moral restraint. Humanistic perspective fails to appreciate reality.
Trait Perspective:
- An individuals unique collection of durable dispositions and consistent ways of behaving makes up their personality. Ex: Honest, Dependable, Moody, Impulsive
- Each personality is made of multiple traits
- Allport and Odbert (1936) identified about 18,000 words representing traits.
- Factor Analysis: A statistical approach used to describe and relate personality traits.
- Hans and Sybil Eysenck reduced personality into two polar dimensions, extraversion-introverson and emotional-stability-instability.
Personality dimensions are influenced by genes.
- Extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal in relatively low.
- Personality Inventions: Questionnaires designed to gauge a wide rang of feelings and behaviors assessing several traits at once.
- MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory: is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality test. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorder.
Criticism: Traits are not good predictors of behavior - Walter Mischel
Social-Cognitive Perspective:
- Personality is the result of an interaction between a person and their social context.
- Behavior emerges from internal and external influences.
- Emphasizes our sense of personal control, whether we control the environment or the environment controls us.
- External Locus of Control: Outside forces beyond our control decides our fate.
- Internal Locus of Control: We can control our own fate.
- Observe people in realistic and stimulated situations.
Criticism: Social-cognitive psychologists pay too much attention to the situation than they do to the individual, his unconscious mind, emotions, or genetics.
Spotlight Effect: We overestimate our concerns that others evaluate our appearance, performance, and blunders.
Maslow and Rogers argued that a successful life results from a healthy self-image.
Self Serving Bias: We accept responsibility for the good more than the bad. Defensive self esteem is fragile and egoistic while secure self-esteem is less fragile and less dependent on external evaluation.
Self Handicapping: How many protect their self image by creating a ready excuse for failure.
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