Chisom's Psychology Blog

Implicit Learning -
Observable improvements in a person's motor performance of which the person has no awareness.

Observational Learning:
•Albert Bandura and his BoBo Doll
•We learn through modeling behavior from others.
•Observational learning + Operant Conditioning

Latent Learning: sometimes learning is hidden.

Insight Learning: Wolfgang Kohler and his chimpanzees.
Some animals learn through the "ah ha" experience.

Pos. Punishment- something bad added to decrease unwanted behavior
Neg. Punishment- something good removed to cause unwanted behavior to decrease.

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State of Consciousness(sleep, hypnosis, drugs)

Sleep- a state of consciousness
(We are less aware of our surroundings)
Levels:
Conscious
Subconscious
Unconscious

Daydreaming:
•help us prepare for future events
•nourish our social development
• can substitute for impulsive behavior

Fantasy Prone Personalities:
Someone who imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness and who spends considerable time fantasizing.

Biological Rhythms:
Annual cycles- seasonal variations (ex. Hibernation. Seasonal affective disorder)
28 day cycle- menstrual cycle
24 hr cycle- our circadian rhythm
90minute cycle- sleep cycles.

Circadian Rhythm:
•our 24hr clock
•body temp and awareness changes throughout the day
(Best to test or study during circadian peaks.)

Sleep stages: (5)
•takes about 90-100min  for all stages to pass., brain waves will change according to sleep stage, first 4 stages are called NREM sleep, 5thbstage is REM sleep.

1) half wake, half sleep
Only last a few minutes
Eyes roll slightly
Brain produces Theta Waves (high amplitude, low frequency/ slow)

2) baseline of sleep
90minute cycle , occupies about 45-60%  of sleep
More Theta Waves get progressively slower

3) slow wave sleep, produce delta waves, if woken will be groggy (vital for restoring body's growth, hormones and good health)

3&4) may last 15-30min, slow wave because brain activity slows dramatically from theta rhythm of stage 2 to the much slower delta and the height or amplitude of the waves increases dramatically.

Delta sleep (deepest stage of sleep NOT REM and most restorative)
That of a sleep deprived persons.
In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of all sleep time, "dead sleep"

5) REM SLEEP 20-25% of nights
Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity quicken.
Vivid dream
Lucid dream
rapid eye movement, very active brain , where dreams usually occur.  Body essentially paralyzed. 

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Insomnia- problems falling asleep, affects 10% of the population.

Narcolepsy- suffer from sleeplessness and may fall asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate times.  Directly into REM sleep. Less than .001% of population.

Sleep Apnea- a person stops breathing during their sleep. Wake up momentarily, gasps for air, then falls back asleep. Very common, especially in heavy males. CAN BE FATAL

Night Terrors- sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified. Occur in Stage 4, not REM and are not often remembered.

Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)- affecting an estimated 10% of all humans at least once in their lives.
•most often occurs during deep non-REM sleep (stage 3 or stage 4 sleep) early in the night. 

Memory: the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
Memory process-
•encoding- the processing of information into the memory system.
•storage-the retention of encoded material over time.
•retrieval- the process of getting the information out of memory storage.
Recall VS. Recognition:
•With recall- you must retrieve the information from your memory
•with recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets.
Flashbulb Memory: a clear moment of an emotionally significant moment or
event.

Cognitive Development by Jean Piaget

*Kids learn differently than adults.

--> Schemas: Understanding of the world around us

                    * Children view the world through schemas

--> Assimilation: Incorporating new experiences to existing schemas

--> Accommodation: Changing an existing schema to adopt to new information

Stages of Cognitive Development

1. Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)

  - Experience the world through our senses

  - Do not have object permanence.

Types of Attachment 

1. Secure

2. Avoidant

3. Anxious /ambivalent

Once the sperm penetrates the egg- we have a fertilized egg called...the Zygote

• 1st stage of prenatal development lasts about 2 weeks and consists of rapid cell division.

• Less than half of all zygotes survive first two weeks.
• About 10 days after conception, the zygotes will attach itself to the uterine wall
• The outer part of the zygote becomes the placenta (Which filters nutrients).

II. Parietal Lobe

• Contains sensory cortex receives incoming touch sensations from the body.
• Most of the parietal lobes are made up of association areas.
• Association areas: any area associated with receiving sensory information or coordinating muscle movement.