Cognitive Development by Jean Piaget
*Kids learn differently than adults.
--> Schemas: Understanding of the world around us
* Children view the world through schemas
--> Assimilation: Incorporating new experiences to existing schemas
--> Accommodation: Changing an existing schema to adopt to new information
Stages of Cognitive Development
1. Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)
- Experience the world through our senses
- Do not have object permanence.
2. Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
- Have object permanence
- Begin to use language to represent objects.
*Egocentric: Cannot look at the world through anyone's eyes but their own.
*Conservation: Refers to the idea that a quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance and is part of logical thinking.
3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-10 years)
- Can demonstrate concept of conservation
- Learn to think logically
4. Formal Operational Stage (11 years- On)
- Abstract reasoning
- Manipulate objects in our minds without seeing them
- Hypothesis testing
- Trial and Error
- Metacognition
- Not every adult gets to this stage.
Types of Intelligence
Crystallized Intelligence Fluid Intelligence
* Accumulated knowledge *ability to solve problems quickly and think abstractly
* Increases with age * Peaks in 20s and then decreases over time
Moral Development by Lawrence Kohlberg
I. Pre-Conventional Morality
- morality based on rewards and punishments
II. Conventional Morality
- Look at morality based on how others see you
- If your peers, or society thinks it is wrong, then so do you
III. Post-Conventional Morality
- Based on self-defined ethical principals
- Your own personal set of ethics.
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