Showing posts with label Unit IV. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Unit IV. Show all posts
Sunday, April 6, 2014 - , , , , 0 Talk Back(s)

Cognitive Development

Cognitive Development by Jean Piaget
*Kids learn differently than adults.
--> Schemas: Understanding of the world around us
                    * Children view the world through schemas
--> Assimilation: Incorporating new experiences to existing schemas
--> Accommodation: Changing an existing schema to adopt to new information

Stages of Cognitive Development
1. Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)
  - Experience the world through our senses
  - Do not have object permanence.
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Social Development

Stranger Anxiety: Where an infant encounters a stranger and they exhibit anxiety.
Separation Anxiety: Whenever a child is separated from their parent.

Attachment: Harry Harlow and his monkey
                   Harry showed that monkeys needed touch to form attachment
                  * Wire monkey V. Cloth monkey

Critical Periods: The optimal period shortly after birth when an organisms exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development.

Types of Attachment 
1. Secure
2. Avoidant
3. Anxious /ambivalent

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Developmental Psychology

                                           Developmental Psychology: From birth to death
Nature                                                 Vs.                                       Nurture
The way you were born                                                          The way you were raised.

Prenatal Development: Conception begins with the drop of an egg and the release of about 200 million sperm.

  • The sperm seeks out the egg and attempts to penetrate the eggs surface.
Once the sperm penetrates the egg- we have a fertilized egg called...the Zygote
  • 1st stage of prenatal development lasts about 2 weeks and consists of rapid cell division.
                                                       Zygotes
  • Less than half of all zygotes survive first two weeks.
  • About 10 days after conception, the zygotes will attach itself to the uterine wall
  • The outer part of the zygote becomes the placenta (Which filters nutrients).
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Meet the Lobes

-Cerebral cortex is made up of four lobes.
I. Frontal Lobe

  • Abstract thought and emotion control
  • Contains motor cortex: Sends signals to our body., controlling muscle movement.
  • Contains Broca's Area: Responsible for controlling muscles that produce speech.
  • Damage to the Broca's Area is called Broca's Aphasia: Unable to make movements to talk.
  • Motor Cortex: Left hemisphere controls the right side of the body. 
II. Parietal Lobe
  • Contains sensory cortex receives incoming touch sensations from the body.
  • Most of the parietal lobes are made up of association areas.
  • Association areas: any area associated with receiving sensory information or coordinating muscle movement.
III. Occipital Lobe 
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Inside Le Brain

- Some scientists divide the brain into three parts.
   I. Hind Brain.
          1. Medulla Oblangata
                * Heartrate, breathing, and blood pressure.
          2. Pons
                * Connects the hind brain, mid brain, and fore brain together
                * Involved in facial expressions.
          3. Cerebellum
                * Located in the back of our head- means little brain.
                * Coordinated muscle movement; like tracking a target.
   II. Mid Brain
           1. Coordinates simple movements with sensory information
           2. Contains the Reticular Formation: arousal and ability to focus attention.
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More on the Nervous System

Central Nervous System: The brain and the spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System: All nerves that are not encased in bone

  • Everything but the spinal cord and brain
  • Is divided into 2 categories...Somatic and Autonomic
  • Somatic Nervous System
  1. Controls voluntary muscle movement
  2. Use motor (efferent) neurons
  • Autonomic Nervous System
  1. Controls the autonomic functions of the body
  2. Divided into two categories...sympathetic and the parasympathetic
              * Sympathetic
                     1. Fight or flight response
                     2. Automatically accelerates heart rate, breathing, , dilates pupils, slows down digestion.
              * Parasympathetic Nervous System
                     1. Automatically slows the body down after a stressful event.
                     2. Heart rate and breathing slow down, pupils constrict and digestion speeds up.
Reflexes: Normally, sensory (efferent) neurons take info up through spine to the brain.

  • Some reactions occur when sensory neurons reach just the spinal cord.
Lesions: Cutting into the brain and looking for change.          
Sunday, March 30, 2014 - , , , 1 Talk Back(s)

The Nervous System

The Nervous System: Start with an individual nerve cell called a NEURON.
Neuroanatomy

Synapse: A structure that permits a neuron to pass a chemical or electrical signal to another cell.

How does a Neuron fire?
Resting Potential: Slightly negative charge.
  • Reaches the threshold when enough neurotransmitters reaches dendrites.
It is an electrochemical process
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